models of culture
Models (and metaphors) of culture can help us to describe the complex, interdisciplinary concept of culture. Some metaphors are popular, like the Iceberg Model. There are a lot of further models that are used in the field of intercultural communication. Here are some common examples that are used to describe culture:
reduce complexity
iceberg of culture
Explaining culture with the Iceberg-Model shows how less we can observe. Most things happen on cognitive and emotional level – on a level where we are not aware of any functions, processes and systems – values, stereotypes, prejudices, generalizations or judgements. The model suggests that culture has visible elements (like customs and behaviors) above the surface, while deeper, underlying values and beliefs remain hidden.
power of metaphors
Think of culture as a program, functioning like software for our minds, guiding our thoughts and behaviors. Picture culture as a separated island or a glass dome, subtly separating us from others and creating invisible barriers that can limit our connections. Each offers a unique perspective that can enhance your understanding and interaction with the world around you.

exploring metaphors & cultures
By exploring metaphors, you can gain valuable insights into your own cultural lens and improve your interactions with others. Embrace the opportunity to deepen your understanding of culture and break down barriers to connection.
Language
Web
Map
Frame
Culture is a way of life that shapes how people in a group relate to one another. It involves shared values, behaviors, and norms that guide how we communicate and interact. Culture shapes not only how we act, but also how we think and feel about the actions of others.
simplify the complexity of culture
Models and metaphors simplify the complexity of culture, making it easier to understand its components and how they influence human behavior and social interactions. They help visualize the interconnectedness of cultural elements and clarify the nuances of different cultures.
- relations, values & behaviors
Culture As a System
Culture functions as a structured system of interconnected relationships, shared values, and expected behaviors. Relationships form the basis of social interaction, while values provide guiding principles that unify the group. Expected behaviors act as rules that govern how people act in different situations. Together, these elements create a cohesive social structure that promotes stability, predictability, and a sense of belonging within the group.
- norms, standards & collective mind
Culture as Functions
Culture shapes communication and interactions by defining norms. It provides structure, setting standards for respect and cooperation, making it easier for people to connect and belong in communities. However, culture can limit individuality and new ideas. Differences between norms may also lead to conflicts or complications in communication across cultural boundaries.
- cultural identity & constructs
Culture As Process
Culture is always changing; it grows and adapts through our daily actions, communication, and beliefs. As people interact and share traditions, they shape their culture together. This ongoing process helps create a group’s cultural identity, highlighting the unique traits, practices, and shared values that define them. Over time, these elements reflect who they are as a community.
- expectation, reinforcement & rewards
Culture as Relationship
Culture sets expectations for actions, helping us know what is acceptable in a relationship. We tend to reward behaviors that fit these norms, which strengthens connections within the community. However, when someone acts differently, it can trigger judgments and emotions that affect social dynamics.
Definition of culture
Culture is a system of relationships, shared values, and behaviors that shape how people interact. It functions by defining communication standards, social norms, and creating a collective mindset within a group. As a process, culture evolves over time, forming cultural constructs and identities. Culture also influences how we expect, reinforce, and reward certain behaviors, creating a relationship between expected actions, how we judge them, and the emotions triggered when behaviors deviate from those expectations.
SEE IT! DO IT! FEEL IT!®
Power of Visuals
Visuals have become an increasingly important part of our lives. Visuals paired with metaphors significantly enhance our understanding of culture, making abstract ideas more relatable and memorable. SEE IT! DO IT! FEEL IT!® works with three different packs of cards containing images to transfer intercultural competencies and values-understanding.